- 遗产规划的六根支柱Six pillars of an estate plan
- 遗产税：先把数字算对Estate tax: get the numbers right first
- 信托：ILIT、SLAT、SST 怎么选Trusts: ILIT, SLAT or SST
- 信托词汇表Trust glossary
- 家庭场景：公平分配、未成年与特殊需要、慈善Family cases: equalisation, minors, special needs, charity
- 企业传承与买卖协议Business succession and buy-sell
- 关键人保险Key person insurance
- 高管福利四种做法Four executive-benefit designs
- 确定给付计划与 412(e)(3)Defined-benefit plans and 412(e)(3)
- 寿险税法地图A map of the life insurance tax code
- 红线清单Red lines
国家人寿合规手册把「给税务或法律建议」和「在客户的信托里担任受托人、遗嘱执行人或授权代理人（直系亲属除外）」都列为禁止行为。 本页用来帮你听懂客户的律师和会计师在说什么、知道什么时候该请他们进来。所有税额、免税额都按年调整，引用前查当年数字。
National Life's compliance manual prohibits giving tax or legal advice, and serving as a client's trustee, executor or attorney-in-fact (immediate family excepted). This page is here so you understand what the client's attorney and CPA are saying, and know when to bring them in. Exemptions and limits change yearly; check the current figure before quoting one.
一、遗产规划的六根支柱1. Six pillars of an estate plan
遗产规划就是把对的资产，用对的方式，在对的时间，交给对的人。六个基本文件：
The goal: the right assets, to the right people, the right way, at the right time. Six basic documents:
| 文件Document | 解决什么What it solves |
|---|---|
| 遗嘱Will | 财产分配、未成年子女监护人；要走遗嘱认证（probate）Distribution and guardians for minors; goes through probate |
| 可撤销生前信托Revocable living trust | 避开认证、保护隐私；身故后变为不可撤销Avoids probate, keeps things private; becomes irrevocable at death |
| 财务授权书Financial power of attorney | 失能时谁替你管钱，包括申请保单生前福利Who manages money if you're incapacitated, including claiming living benefits |
| 医疗授权书Healthcare power of attorney | 谁替你做医疗决定（不能用来办财务）Who makes medical decisions (not valid for finances) |
| 预立医疗指示Advance directive | 临终治疗意愿End-of-life treatment wishes |
| 寿险Life insurance | 身故时的现金：交税、还债、平衡分配Cash at death: taxes, debts, equalisation |
财务授权书要在失能之前签。认知能力出问题以后再办，只能走法院监护，理赔也会卡住。遗产律师是很好的合作伙伴。
The financial POA has to be signed before incapacity; afterwards the only route is court guardianship, and claims stall. Estate attorneys make good referral partners.
二、遗产税：先把数字算对2. Estate tax: get the numbers right first
2025 年的税改法案（OBBBA）把联邦遗产税免税额从 2026 年起定为每人 $1,500 万，并随通胀调整；夫妻合计 $3,000 万。 大多数家庭已经不用交联邦遗产税，所以不要再用「2026 年免税额减半」这类过时说法。仍然值得讲的是： 州一级的遗产税或继承税门槛往往低得多；税法将来还可能再改；遗产税之外还有流动性、企业传承和平衡分配的问题。
The 2025 tax act (OBBBA) set the federal estate-tax exemption at $15M per person from 2026, indexed for inflation; $30M for a couple. Most families no longer face federal estate tax, so drop outdated lines like "the exemption halves in 2026". What's still worth raising: many state estate or inheritance taxes start far lower; tax law can change again; and beyond tax there's liquidity, business succession and fair distribution.
什么时候保险金会算进遗产：IRC 2042 和 2035
When proceeds land in the estate: IRC 2042 and 2035
- 2042：被保险人身故时持有保单、身故金付给遗产，或拥有任何「所有权附带权利」（改受益人、转让、质押、借款、退保，或超过 5% 的回归利益），就会计入遗产。
- 2042: proceeds are included if the insured owned the policy at death, it's payable to the estate, or the insured held any incident of ownership (changing beneficiaries, assigning, pledging, borrowing, surrendering, or a reversionary interest above 5%).
- 2035 三年规则：把现有保单送给信托，三年内身故仍计入遗产（按市价出售不适用）。所以通常让信托直接投保新单。
- 2035 three-year rule: give an existing policy to a trust and die within three years, and it's still included (a sale at fair value is excepted). That's why trusts usually buy new policies directly.
- Goodman 三角：持有人、被保险人、受益人是三个不同的人时，身故金视为持有人送给受益人的赠与，可能要交赠与税。公司持有的保单同样适用。
- Goodman triangle: when owner, insured and beneficiary are three different people, the proceeds are treated as a gift from owner to beneficiary, potentially taxable. Business-owned policies are caught too.
OBBBA 的其他要点：客户会问到的
Other OBBBA points clients ask about
2025 年 7 月通过的 OBBBA 把 2017 年减税法案（TCJA）的大部分条款永久化，另外加了一批 2025–2028 年的临时扣除。临时条款到期后会不会延长，现在没人知道，规划时不要当成永久的。
OBBBA (July 2025) made most of the 2017 TCJA permanent and added a set of deductions that run only 2025–2028. Nobody knows yet whether the temporary ones will be extended, so don't plan as if they're permanent.
| 项目Item | 内容What changed | 期限How long |
|---|---|---|
| 税率与遗产税Rates and estate tax | TCJA 个人税率永久化；遗产/赠与免税额 2026 年起 $1,500 万并随通胀调整TCJA individual rates made permanent; estate/gift exemption $15M from 2026, indexed | 永久Permanent |
| 房贷利息Mortgage interest | 贷款上限维持 $75 万；房屋净值贷款（HELOC）利息仍不能扣$750k loan cap stays; home-equity (HELOC) interest still not deductible | 永久Permanent |
| 慈善Charity | 现金捐赠扣除上限维持 AGI 的 60%；2026 年起不逐项扣除的人也能扣 $1,000（夫妻 $2,000）Cash gifts stay deductible up to 60% of AGI; from 2026 non-itemisers can deduct $1,000 ($2,000 joint) | 永久Permanent |
| 子女Children | 儿童税收抵免 $2,200；529 计划可用于 K-12、职业证照和在家教育的更多开支；新设「Trump 账户」（18 岁以下，每年最多 $5,000，2025–2028 年出生的孩子政府存入 $1,000）Child tax credit $2,200; 529s cover more K-12, credential and homeschool costs; new "Trump accounts" (under 18, up to $5,000 a year, $1,000 government deposit for babies born 2025–2028) | 永久Permanent |
| 65 岁以上Age 65+ | 每人额外扣除 $6,000（收入不超过 $7.5 万 / 夫妻 $15 万）Extra $6,000 deduction each (income up to $75k / $150k joint) | 2025–2028 |
| SALT | 州税和地方税扣除上限 $4 万（收入不超过 $50 万），到 2029 年每年加 1%，2030 年回到 $1 万State and local tax cap $40k (income up to $500k), up 1% a year to 2029, back to $10k in 2030 | 2025–2029 |
| 小费、加班、车贷Tips, overtime, car loans | 小费最多扣 $25,000；加班费 $12,500（夫妻 $25,000）；美国组装新车的车贷利息 $10,000Tips up to $25,000; overtime $12,500 ($25,000 joint); interest on loans for US-assembled new cars up to $10,000 | 2025–2028 |
| 企业主Business owners | 公司税率 21% 不变；199A 合格业务收入 20% 扣除永久化并加强；100% 加速折旧恢复；Section 179 上限 $250 万（$400 万起递减）；QSBS 小企业股票免税范围扩大21% corporate rate kept; the 199A 20% QBI deduction made permanent and enhanced; 100% bonus depreciation restored; Section 179 limit $2.5M (phase-out from $4M); QSBS exclusion widened | 永久Permanent |
具体金额每年随通胀调整，请以 IRS 当年公布为准；个案交给 CPA。
Dollar amounts are indexed; check the IRS figures for the year, and send individual cases to a CPA.
三、信托：ILIT、SLAT、SST 怎么选3. Trusts: ILIT, SLAT or SST
不可撤销信托的好处：减少遗产税、保护资产免受债权人追索（按州法）、保留政府福利资格、隐私、分期交付给继承人。代价：失去控制权、非授予人信托税率高、复杂、难以更改。
Irrevocable trusts help with estate tax, creditor protection (state law), government-benefit eligibility, privacy and staged distributions. The costs: loss of control, high non-grantor trust tax rates, complexity, inflexibility.
| ILIT | SLAT | SST | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 全称Name | 不可撤销寿险信托Irrevocable life insurance trust | 配偶终身利益信托Spousal lifetime access trust | 联合寿险备用信托Survivorship standby trust |
| 谁持有保单Policy owner | 信托（持有人兼受益人）The trust (owner and beneficiary) | 信托；配偶可当受托人和受益人The trust; the spouse can be trustee and beneficiary | 授予人自己持有第二身故保单，信托为或有持有人The grantor keeps a second-to-die policy; the trust is contingent owner |
| 能不能碰到钱Access | 不能（包括生前福利）None (including living benefits) | 间接：通过配偶，限于健康、教育、生活、赡养（HEMS）Indirect, through the spouse, limited to health, education, maintenance, support | 完全，在世时仍有控制权Full control while alive |
| 灵活性Flexibility | 最低Lowest | 中Medium | 最高，但节税效果最弱Highest, but the least tax mitigation |
| 要注意Watch for | 保费靠年度赠与（Crummey 通知）；转入旧保单受 3 年规则影响Premiums via annual-exclusion gifts (Crummey notices); transferring an old policy triggers the three-year rule | 离婚或配偶先走就失去间接通道；夫妻互设 SLAT 可能触发互惠信托原则Divorce or the spouse dying first cuts access; mutual SLATs risk the reciprocal-trust doctrine | 授予人配偶先走时效果最好Works best if the grantor spouse dies first |
第二身故（联合）寿险常和 ILIT 搭配：保费比两张单人保单便宜，身故金在第二人走后正好用来交遗产税，也让父母可以放心花掉退休资产。
Second-to-die policies pair naturally with an ILIT: cheaper than two single-life policies, paying out at the second death just when estate tax falls due, and letting parents spend retirement assets with confidence.
四、信托词汇表4. Trust glossary
任何信托都有三方：授予人（grantor）、受托人（trustee）、受益人（beneficiary）。
Every trust has three parties: grantor, trustee and beneficiary.
| 信托Trust | 一句话In one line |
|---|---|
| CRT | 收益给自己，剩余给慈善；可当下扣税、递延资本利得；高利率时更有利Income to the donor, remainder to charity; immediate deduction, deferred gains; better when rates are high |
| CLT | 收益先给慈善，剩余给继承人；低利率时更有利Income to charity, remainder to heirs; better when rates are low |
| CST / 旁路信托CST / bypass | 用掉第一位配偶的免税额；有了可移转免税额（portability）后仍对州遗产税有用Uses the first spouse's exemption; still useful for state estate tax despite portability |
| QTIP | 配偶终身享受收益，资产计入配偶遗产，最终按授予人意愿分配（适合再婚家庭）Income to the spouse for life, included in the spouse's estate, remainder per the grantor (blended families) |
| QDOT | 配偶不是美国公民时，用它来取得婚姻扣除；至少一名美国受托人，超过 $2M 需美国银行当受托人Gets the marital deduction for a non-citizen spouse; at least one US trustee, a US bank trustee above $2M |
| GRAT / GRUT | 把增值部分转给下一代；低利率时有利；授予人必须活过期限Shifts appreciation to heirs; better at low rates; the grantor must outlive the term |
| IDGT | 所得税由授予人交，资产不在遗产里The grantor pays income tax; assets stay out of the estate |
| Dynasty / GSTDynasty / GST | 隔代传承（孙辈或小 37.5 岁以上的人）Skips a generation (grandchildren, or anyone 37.5+ years younger) |
| QPRT | 把自住房转出；活过期限后要付租金才能继续住Moves a residence out; after the term the grantor pays rent to stay |
| 特殊需要信托Special needs trust | 照顾残障受益人又不影响其政府福利Provides for a disabled beneficiary without disqualifying government benefits |
| ESBT / QSST | 可以持有 S 公司股份的信托Trusts allowed to hold S-corp stock |
| DAPT | 自益资产保护信托，多数州不承认Self-settled asset protection; not recognised in most states |
| 遗嘱信托Testamentary trust | 写在遗嘱里，身故后成立，要走认证Created by the will at death; goes through probate |
五、家庭场景5. Family cases
公平分配（equalisation）
Equalisation
爸爸有 $300 万的企业和 $200 万其他资产；女儿在企业里做事，儿子没有。把企业留给女儿，用保险金补足儿子那份，就不用把企业拆开或卖掉。
Dad has a $3M business and $2M of other assets; his daughter works in the business, his son doesn't. The business goes to the daughter and life insurance evens out the son's share, so there's no need to split or sell the company.
未成年人与特殊需要
Minors and special needs
未成年人不能直接持有财产，受益人写孩子的话，法院会指定监护人。应写信托或 UGMA/UTMA 托管人。残障子女用特殊需要信托，保住政府福利。
Minors can't hold property outright; name a child and a court appoints a guardian. Use a trust or a UGMA/UTMA custodian. For a disabled child, a special needs trust keeps government benefits intact.
慈善
Charity
三种做法：把慈善机构写成受益人（遗产扣除）；把现有保单捐出（可能有所得税扣除，按价值与成本较低者）；慈善机构自己投保（须捐赠人同意、有捐赠历史）。 部分国家人寿产品还有 Charitable Matching Gift：公司额外配捐最多主保额 2%，每张 $30,000 封顶。
Three routes: name the charity as beneficiary (estate deduction); donate an existing policy (possible income-tax deduction, lesser of value or basis); or the charity buys a policy (donor consent, giving history). Some National Life products add a Charitable Matching Gift: up to 2% of base face, capped at $30,000 per policy.
IRA 传承（Legacy IRA）
Legacy IRA
用 IRA 的最低提取（税后）交终身寿保费：继承人拿到的是免所得税的身故金，而不是要交所得税的继承 IRA（SECURE 法案下多数要 10 年内领完）。 这只是一个概念，还不是结论，要和客户的会计师一起算。
Use after-tax IRA distributions (such as RMDs) to fund permanent life: heirs get an income-tax-free death benefit instead of a taxable inherited IRA (mostly drained within 10 years under SECURE). It's a concept, not a conclusion; run it with the client's CPA.
没有遗嘱会怎样：加州的例子
Dying without a will: California's example
没有遗嘱时按州法分配（以下为加州的一般规则，以律师意见为准）：夫妻共同财产全部归配偶；个人单独财产，只有一个孩子时配偶和孩子各一半，两个以上孩子时配偶 1/3、孩子 2/3； 没有孩子但有父母或兄弟姐妹时，配偶和他们各一半。走遗嘱认证（probate）一般至少 8 个月，法定费用按遗产总值计：$500 万的遗产，执行人和律师各约 $63,000，还要公开记录。 这就是为什么很多家庭用生前信托加上写好受益人的寿险。寿险身故金直接付给受益人，不进认证程序。
Without a will, state law decides (California's general rules below; the attorney has the final word): community property goes entirely to the spouse; for separate property, one child means half to the spouse and half to the child, two or more children means one-third to the spouse and two-thirds to the children; with no children but surviving parents or siblings, the spouse and they split it. Probate usually takes at least eight months, with statutory fees on the gross estate: on a $5M estate, roughly $63,000 each for executor and attorney, and it's public. That's why many families pair a living trust with life insurance that names beneficiaries: proceeds go straight to the beneficiary, outside probate.
六、企业传承与买卖协议6. Business succession and buy-sell
美国约 3,330 万家小企业（占企业总数 99.9%），约 34% 能活过 10 年，约 30% 传到第二代，约 13% 到第三代。 企业主通常有三条路：
The US has about 33.3 million small businesses (99.9% of all firms); about 34% survive ten years, roughly 30% pass to a second generation and 13% to a third. Owners have three roads:
| 做法Road | 好处Pros | 问题Cons |
|---|---|---|
| 身故时留下（遗嘱 / 生前信托）Die with it (will / living trust) | 生前保留控制；继承人资产成本基础上调Control kept; stepped-up basis | 计入遗产；接班人未必准备好；遗嘱纠纷In the estate; successor may be unready; will contests |
| 生前赠与（常配合家族有限合伙）Gift it (often via an FLP) | 控制节奏、缩小遗产；无投票权份额可享折价Control timing, shrink the estate; non-voting interests take discounts | 成本基础结转、赠与税、每次都要估值；需要真实的非税务理由，费用高Carry-over basis, gift tax, valuation each time; needs a genuine non-tax reason; costly |
| 出售（买卖协议）Sell it (buy-sell) | 价格和买家事先定好；家人拿到现金Price and buyer fixed in advance; family gets cash | 要有钱付，这就是保险的用处Someone has to fund it, which is where insurance comes in |
买卖协议的触发事件是「四个 D」：身故（Death）、失能（Disability）、离开（Departure）、不和（Discord）。常见结构： 企业赎回（entity purchase）、交叉购买（cross purchase）、待定（wait-and-see）、单向（第三方买）。资金来源可以是盈余、偿债基金、分期、贷款、失能险， 寿险最适合身故这一项：一次到位、免所得税；缺点是保费、有人无法投保、合伙人年龄差大。
Buy-sell triggers are the four Ds: death, disability, departure, discord. Structures: entity purchase, cross purchase, wait-and-see, one-way (third party). Funding can be surplus, a sinking fund, instalments, loans, disability cover; life insurance fits the death trigger best: lump sum, income-tax free; the drawbacks are premium cost, uninsurable owners and wide age gaps.
最高法院裁定：企业为赎回股份而持有的寿险赔款，会提高企业在遗产税上的估值。企业赎回式协议因此可能多出遗产税。 建议客户请律师复查现有的企业赎回协议，考虑交叉购买或用合伙/LLC 持有保单。这是律师的判断，不是我们的。
The Supreme Court held that life insurance proceeds a company holds to redeem shares increase the company's value for estate tax, so entity-redemption agreements can add estate tax. Suggest the client's attorney review existing entity agreements and consider cross purchase or a partnership/LLC to hold the policies. That's the attorney's call, not ours.
可以问企业主的问题：企业值多少、怎么估的？如果你明天不在，谁来经营？家人想要企业还是想要现金？合伙人的家人会不会成为你的新合伙人？协议上次更新是什么时候？钱从哪里来？
Questions for owners: what's the business worth and how was it valued? If you weren't here tomorrow, who runs it? Does your family want the business or the cash? Could a partner's family become your new partner? When was the agreement last updated? Where would the money come from?
七、关键人保险7. Key person insurance
关键人是失去他会让企业蒙受财务损失的人：业务骨干、独特技术、决策者、创始人。企业是持有人、付款人和受益人。
A key person is someone whose loss would cost the business money: the rainmaker, unique talent, the decision-maker, the visionary. The business is owner, payer and beneficiary.
| 问题Question | 规则Rule |
|---|---|
| 保费能扣税吗Premium deductible? | 不能（IRC 264(a)(1)）No (IRC 264(a)(1)) |
| 身故金免税吗Death benefit tax-free? | 要满足 IRC 101(j)：出单前书面通知员工并取得同意（国家人寿表格 cat 50258），且被保险人是薪酬前 35%、董事、≥5% 股东或前五名高管之一。每年报 IRS Form 8925Only under IRC 101(j): written notice and consent before issue (National Life form cat 50258), and the insured is in the top 35% by pay, a director, a ≥5% owner or a top-five officer. File IRS Form 8925 annually |
| 保多少How much | 薪资倍数（成熟企业约 10 倍）、对利润的贡献、利润倍数。用 Business Insurance Worksheet（cat 51945）Multiple of salary (about 10× for established firms), contribution to earnings, multiple of profit. Use the Business Insurance Worksheet (cat 51945) |
| 生前福利Living benefits | 企业持有时，慢性病和末期疾病提前给付对企业要课税（101(g)(5)）Business-owned chronic and terminal accelerations are taxable to the business (101(g)(5)) |
| 员工离职后If the employee leaves | 保留、退保，或出售/转让给员工（注意转让价值规则）Keep it, surrender it, or sell/transfer it to the employee (mind transfer-for-value) |
产品上，定期或终身都可以；终身险的现金值是企业资产。LLD 定期可转换、带生前福利，也常用；CMC 可以一张保单保多位关键人。
Term or permanent both work; permanent cash value sits on the balance sheet. Convertible LLD term with living benefits is common, and a CMC can cover several key people on one policy.
八、高管福利四种做法8. Four executive-benefit designs
给所有员工的是合格计划（401(k) 等）；给部分高管的是非合格福利，企业可以挑人、挑金额。老板想要：绑住人才（金手铐）、可扣税或能收回成本、灵活。 员工想要：自己出钱少、退休累积、税务效率、身故和疾病保障。总原则：企业在给付不附限制时扣税，员工在同一时点计税。
All-employee benefits are qualified plans (401(k) and so on); select executives get non-qualified benefits, where the business picks who and how much. The owner wants golden handcuffs, a deduction or cost recovery, and flexibility; the employee wants low out-of-pocket cost, retirement accumulation, tax efficiency, and death and illness cover. The general rule: the employer deducts when the benefit is given without restriction, and the employee is taxed then.
| 做法Design | 怎么运作How it works | 税Tax | 适合Fits |
|---|---|---|---|
| 高管奖金（IRC 162）Executive bonus (IRC 162) | 企业以奖金形式付保费，高管自己持有保单；可加限制性背书（REBA）当金手铐Business pays the premium as a bonus; the executive owns the policy; a restrictive endorsement (REBA) adds handcuffs | 企业可扣（合理薪酬），高管计入收入；可加「税款补贴」Deductible to the business (reasonable comp), income to the executive; can be grossed up | 简单、想奖励忠诚员工Simple reward for a loyal employee |
| 分离美元：经济利益法Split dollar: economic benefit | 企业持有保单和现金值，把部分身故金背书给高管Business owns the policy and cash value, endorses part of the death benefit to the executive | 高管每年按定期险价值（Table 2001 或公司费率）计税Executive taxed yearly on the term value (Table 2001 or carrier rates) | 企业想保留现金值Business wants to keep the cash value |
| 分离美元：贷款法Split dollar: loan | 企业借钱给高管（或其信托）交保费，抵押转让 + 书面协议；企业记为应收款，以后从保单贷款/提取或身故金收回Business lends premium to the executive- or trust-owned policy under a collateral assignment and written agreement; booked as a receivable, repaid from policy loans/withdrawals or the death benefit | 高管付利息或按设算利息计税Executive pays interest or is taxed on imputed interest | 企业税率低于老板个人；非股东员工任何企业形式皆可，股东员工限 C 公司、PC、按 C 公司纳税的 LLCBusiness bracket below the owner's; non-owner employees at any entity; owner-employees only at C corps, PCs or LLCs taxed as C |
| 非合格递延薪酬 / SERPNQDC / SERP | 书面承诺将来付钱；企业用自己持有的寿险非正式地准备资金，用身故金收回成本A written promise to pay later; the business informally funds it with company-owned life insurance and recovers cost from the death benefit | 企业在实际付款时扣税；受 IRC 409A 约束Deductible when paid; subject to IRC 409A | 已存满 401(k) 的高收入员工；注意这是无担保承诺，企业债权人可追索High earners already maxing a 401(k); it's an unsecured promise, exposed to the company's creditors |
高管奖金「税款补贴」的算法（假设 32% 税率）：保费 $8,970 ÷ (1 − 32%) = 奖金 $13,191；员工交税 $4,221，净得的正好够交保费。
Gross-up arithmetic (assuming a 32% bracket): $8,970 premium ÷ (1 − 32%) = $13,191 bonus; the employee pays $4,221 in tax and nets exactly the premium.
九、确定给付计划与 412(e)(3)9. Defined-benefit plans and 412(e)(3)
确定缴费计划（DC）每年缴费上限较低；确定给付计划（DB）的年度缴费可以远超它，因此适合想要大额扣税的老板。
Defined-contribution plans cap annual contributions relatively low; defined-benefit plans can take far more, which suits owners who want a large deduction.
谁适合 DB 计划
Who fits a DB plan
离退休 5–10 年的年长老板；利润高且稳定；员工少于 5 人且较年轻；想要大额扣税；能承诺至少 5 年。 ERISA 参与资格一般为 21 岁 + 1 年 + 1,000 小时；要过 70% 覆盖测试；注意关联企业。缴费截止为计划年度结束后 8.5 个月。
Older owners 5–10 years from retirement; high, stable profits; fewer than five, younger employees; want a big deduction; can commit at least five years. ERISA eligibility is typically age 21 plus one year and 1,000 hours; the 70% coverage test applies; watch controlled groups. Contributions are due 8.5 months after plan year-end.
传统 DB vs 412(e)(3)
Traditional DB vs 412(e)(3)
传统：精算师计算，缴费每年浮动，要报 Schedule B/5500。412(e)(3)：只能用年金和寿险合同，给付有保证，不需要精算师，扣税额更高，保费固定，不用按季缴。 计划里的寿险受「附带性」限制（2/3 规则）。离场时的保单可用 QPEP 处理（见附约速查）。
Traditional: actuarially calculated, contributions vary, Schedule B/5500 filings. 412(e)(3): funded only with annuity and life contracts, guaranteed benefits, no actuary, higher deductions, fixed premiums, no quarterly payments. Life insurance inside the plan is limited by incidental rules (the 2/3 rule). Policies leaving the plan can use QPEP (see Riders).
SECURE 2.0 对小企业新设计划有启动税收抵免（前三年每年最高 $5,000）和雇主缴费抵免（前五年每名员工最高 $1,000）。流程：资料收集 → 设计 → 向客户说明、由 TPA 建立 → TPA 出文件 → 投保 → 采纳计划 → 缴费 → TPA 报税。
SECURE 2.0 gives small employers a start-up credit (up to $5,000 a year for three years) and an employer-contribution credit (up to $1,000 per employee for five years). The process: fact-find → design → present and install with a TPA → TPA documents → insurance → adopt → contribute → TPA reporting.
十、寿险税法地图10. A map of the life insurance tax code
| 条文Section | 内容What it says |
|---|---|
| 7702 | 什么算寿险：CVAT（不限保费，走廊更高）或 GPT（保费上限 + 走廊）。LLD 只用 GPTWhat counts as life insurance: CVAT (no premium limit, higher corridor) or GPT (premium limits plus corridor). LLD is GPT only |
| 7702(g) | 保单内部增值不课税Inside build-up isn't taxed |
| 7702A | MEC 七年测试；一旦 MEC 永远 MECThe seven-pay MEC test; once a MEC, always a MEC |
| 72(e) | 非 MEC：先取成本（FIFO），贷款不课税。MEC：先取收益（LIFO），贷款、质押也课税，59½ 岁前加 10% 罚款（为预付丧葬合同质押、金额不超过 $25,000 的除外）Non-MEC: basis first (FIFO), loans untaxed. MEC: gain first (LIFO), loans and pledges taxable, plus 10% before 59½ (a pledge of up to $25,000 for a prearranged funeral contract is excepted) |
| 101(a) | 身故金免所得税，除非转让价值、应申报的保单出售或违反 101(j)Death benefit income-tax free, unless transfer-for-value, a reportable policy sale, or a 101(j) failure |
| 101(a)(2) | 转让价值：有偿取得的保单，身故金超过对价加后续保费的部分要课税。例外：转给被保险人本人、其合伙人、合伙企业、被保险人担任高管或股东的公司（不含共同股东）Transfer-for-value: proceeds above consideration plus later premiums are taxable. Exceptions: transfers to the insured, a partner, a partnership, or a corporation where the insured is an officer or shareholder (not a co-shareholder) |
| 101(g) | 末期和慢性病提前给付可免税（慢性病以每日上限为准）；企业受益时例外Terminal and chronic accelerations can be tax-free (chronic up to the per diem); business payees excepted |
| 101(j) / 6039I | 雇主持有保单的通知、同意和 Form 8925Employer-owned notice, consent and Form 8925 |
| 264 | 保费和保单贷款利息一般不能扣税Premiums and policy-loan interest generally not deductible |
| 1035 | 免税转换：寿险 → 寿险 / 年金 / 长期护理；年金 → 年金 / 长期护理（年金不能换寿险）。同一持有人和被保险人；带走的贷款可能视为应税收入；MEC 转入仍是 MECTax-free exchanges: life → life / annuity / LTC; annuity → annuity / LTC (not annuity → life). Same owner and insured; loans extinguished can be taxable boot; MEC in, MEC out |
| 出售保单Policy sale | 退保价值减成本部分按普通收入，超过部分按资本利得（Rev. Rul. 2009-13 / 2020-05）Ordinary income up to surrender value minus basis, capital gain above (Rev. Rul. 2009-13 / 2020-05) |
| 赠与保单Gifting a policy | 按插值终值加未满期保费估值（Form 712）；可用年度免税额或终身免税额；捐给慈善的扣除额为价值与成本较低者Valued at interpolated terminal reserve plus unearned premium (Form 712); use the annual exclusion or lifetime exemption; charitable deduction is the lesser of value or basis |
十一、红线清单11. Red lines
- 不替客户设计信托条款、不评论遗嘱，不说「这样就不用交税」；请律师和会计师出意见。
- Don't draft trust terms, critique wills, or say "this avoids the tax"; get the attorney and CPA's opinion.
- 不在客户（非直系亲属）的信托里当受托人，不当遗嘱执行人或授权代理人，不当客户保单的持有人或受益人。
- Never serve as trustee, executor or attorney-in-fact for a non-family client, or be named owner or beneficiary on their policy.
- 企业持有的保单，出单前一定完成 101(j) 通知与同意，漏了之后补不回来。
- For business-owned policies, complete 101(j) notice and consent before issue; it can't be fixed afterwards.
- 不做 STOLI/IOLI：免费保险、无追索的保费融资、为了转卖而投保，全部禁止。保费融资个案要 Advanced Markets 先审。
- No STOLI/IOLI: "free" insurance, non-recourse premium finance, or buying to resell are all prohibited. Premium-finance cases go to Advanced Markets first.
- 引用免税额、缴费上限时写上年份；不用已过时的「2026 年减半」说法。
- Put the year on any exemption or limit you quote; don't use the outdated "halves in 2026" line.
内部培训资料，仅供签约经纪人使用，不得转发给客户或公开使用。案例均为假设。 税法、免税额和判例会变化，本页不构成税务或法律意见，个案请咨询合资格的律师与会计师。
Internal training material for contracted agents only, not for clients or public use. Cases are hypothetical. Tax law, exemptions and case law change; nothing here is tax or legal advice; refer clients to qualified attorneys and CPAs.